Acute & emergency · UKMLA & AKT
Cardiac failure
A free high-yield preview for the UKMLA Applied Knowledge Test. Below are the key points to recognise cardiac failure — the full SA Note notes add investigations, management, complications and 10 practice questions.
Key high-yield points
- Left-sided: dyspnoea on exertion, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, bibasal crackles, S3
- Right-sided: peripheral pitting oedema, raised JVP, hepatomegaly
- Orthopnoea/PND - fluid redistributes from dependent tissues to pulmonary circulation when recumbent
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