Endocrine & metabolic · UKMLA & AKT
Chronic complications of diabetes
A free high-yield preview for the UKMLA Applied Knowledge Test, covering how to recognise this condition. The full SA Note notes add investigations, management and complications, with practice questions on this topic.
Key high-yield points
- Microvascular - retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy (driven by duration + glycaemic control)
- Macrovascular - ischaemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease (driven by clustering of CVD risk factors)
- Unifying mechanism: chronic hyperglycaemia → endothelial dysfunction via polyol pathway, AGEs, PKC activation, oxidative stress → basement membrane thickening, ischaemia, accelerated atherosclerosis
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